Study Guide | Stratford Festival Official Website

ABOUT THE PLAY

1939
By Jani Lauzon and Kaitlyn Riordan
Directed by Jani Lauzon

House Program for 1939

Born of both family legacy and the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1939 has been guided by Indigenous Elders, Survivors and ceremony throughout its development.

Grade Recommendation 7+

Content Advisory

The play is set in a residential school in 1939. While ultimately a story of hope and resilience that locates spaces in which Indigenous youth demonstrate agency and change, it explores the systemic erasure of Indigenous cultures by these institutions and its agents by way of racism, discrimination, colonial violence and family separation. To access the 24-hour Hope for Wellness Helpline, call toll-free 1.855.242.3310 or connect to the online chat at www.hopeforwellness.ca.

Synopsis

At a residential school in northern Ontario, five students are ordered to gather in a classroom. Two of them, Joseph Summers and his sister, Beth, have been at the school for seven years, but its policy of separating siblings has largely kept them apart - till now. Susan Blackbird, an orphan who has been there since she was four, struggles to connect with her barely remembered Cree heritage, while newcomer Evelyne Rice tries to avoid punishment by repressing her Mohawk culture and language. Jean Delorme, as a Métis student, is a rarity at the school and struggles to fit in.

English teacher Sian Ap Dafydd explains the reason for their summons: they have been chosen to entertain King George VI and his Queen on their forthcoming visit with a student performance of Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well. Firmly colonial in her notions and intentions, Ap Dafydd is as determined to get her young actors to deliver the "big round vowels" she considers essential to speaking Shakespeare as she is to show the royal couple how the students are learning to be "good little Canadians."

But as rehearsals proceed, the students' agency erupts as they learn about each other and discover parallels between the play's characters and their own experiences. Confronting individual and collective tragedy with humour and strength, the students undertake a journey of self-discovery and empowerment - their resilience evoking Helena's line in All's Well: "Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie."

Curriculum Connections

Global Competencies:
- Collaboration, Communication, Critical Thinking, Creativity, Learning to Learn/ Self-Awareness
Grade 7-8
- Indigenous Languages
- The Arts
- Social Studies
- Health and Physical Education
- Language
Grade 9-12
- First Nations, Métis and Inuit Studies
- Indigenous Languages
- The Arts
- Canadian and World Studies
- English
- Health and Physical Education
Grades 11-12
- Social Sciences and Humanities
Post-Secondary
- Suitable for courses in disciplines such as Indigenous Studies, Arts, Canadian Studies, Cultural Studies, Drama, English, Fine Arts, History, Human Rights, Religious Studies, Social Development Studies, Teacher Education and Theatre

Themes

Resources by Theme compiled by Dr. Sorouja Moll, Research Dramaturge on 1939.

The Art of Resilience

Akiwenzie-Damm, Kateri, et al. (2019). This Place: 150 Years Retold. HighWater Press.
Campbell, Maria. (1983) Half-Breed. Formac. Publishing Company
Haig-Brown, Celia. Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1998. First published by Tillicum Library, 1988.
Robertson, David. A. (2021). On the Trapline. Tundra Books.
Singh, Katherine and Nadia Ebrahim (2021). "11 Indigenous Designers Everyone Should Have on Their Minds." Refinery29. Website
Vermette, Katherena; Scott B. Henderson; et al. (2017). Pemmican Wars. HighWater Press.
Working Group on Indigenous Food Sovereignty. (2022) "Indigenous Food Systems Network." Website

Explore Artists and their Resistance

Collective Agency and First Nations, Métis and Inuit Activism

McDiarmid, Jessica. (2020). Highway of Tears: A True Story of Racism, Indifference and the Pursuit of Justice for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Anchor Canada.
Robertson, Joanne. (2017). The Water Walker. Second Story Press, Bilingual edition
Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. (2020). As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance. University of Minnesota Press
Wall Kimmerer, Robin. (2015). Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants. Milkweed Editions.

Colonialism and the War on Indigenous Peoples

Daschuk, James (2019). Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Indigenous Life. University of Regina Press.
Joseph, Bob. (2018). 21 Things You May Not Know About the Indian Act: Helping Canadians Make Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples a Reality. Indigenous Relations Press.
Vowel, Chelsea (2016). Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada. Highwater Press.

The Doctrine of Discovery

Assembly of First Nations (2018). Dismantling the Doctrine of Discovery. Website
Eneas, Bryan. (2022). "Doctrine of Discovery: Its effects are still being felt, but only the Pope can rescind it." CBC News. Website
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Study on the impacts of the Doctrine of Discovery on Indigenous peoples, including mechanisms, processes and instruments of redress UN Doc. E/C.19/2014/3 (20 February 2014) [Study by Forum member Edward John], available here.

Indigeneity and Gender

Anderson, Kim (2016). A Recognition of Being, Second Edition: Reconstructing Native Womanhood. Women's Press.
Anderson, Kim and Maria Cambell (2011). Life Stages and Native Women: Memory, Teachings, and Story Medicine. University of Manitoba Press.
Chacaby, Ma-Nee. (2016 ). A Two-Spirit Journey: The Autobiography of a Lesbian Ojibwa-Cree Elder. University of Manitoba Press.
Innes, Robert Alexander and Kim Anderson, eds. (2015). Indigenous Men and Masculinities: Legacies, Identities, Regeneration. University of Manitoba Press.
Manitoba. Public Inquiry into the Administration and Indigenous People. "Indigenous Women." Vol. 1, chap. 13, in Report of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba Winnipeg: Public Inquiry into the Administration and Indigenous People, 1999.
Maracle, Lee (2003). I am Woman. Press Gang.
"The REDress Project." Jaime Black. Website
Queer & 2S Books at XWI7XWA Library. UBC. Website
Why we need gender fluidity" Nicholas Metcalf. TEDxUMN. Website

Giving Voice to Missing and Murdered Indigenous Children

"Crimes against children at residential school: The truth about St. Anne's." (2019). The Fifth Estate. Website
"Stolen Children: Residential Schools Survivors Speak Out." CBC Radio Canada. Website
"48 Books by Indigenous writers to read to understand Residential Schools." CBC. Website

The Influence of the Written Word in Media and from Government

Anderson, Mark Cronlund and Carmen L. Robertson (2011). Seeing Red: A History of Natives in Canadian Newspapers. University of Manitoba Press.
"Common Portrayals of Indigenous People." MediaSmarts: Canada's Centre for Media and Digital Literacy. Website
United Nations. "Breaking Media Stereotypes with Indigenous Storytelling." We are Indigenous. Website

Language as Culture, Language as Identity, Language as Power

Brant, Beth. (1994). Writing as Witness: Essay and Talk. Women's Press Literary.
Lindstrom, Carole and Michaela Goade (2020). We are Water Protectors. Roaring Brook Press.
Mailhot, Terese Marie. (2020). Heart Berries: A Memoir. Anchor Canada.
Maracle, Lee and Marysia Buchoic, et al. (2015). My Conversations with Canadians. Lee Maracle.

Loneliness and Isolation

First Nations Health Authority. "Our History Our Health." Website
Robertson, David. A. (2021). Sugar Falls: A Residential School Story. HighWater Press.
Thistle, Jesse. (2019). From the Ashes: My Story of Being Métis, Homeless, and Finding my Way. Simon & Schuster.

The Power of Storytelling and Theatre

Clements, Marie (2012). The Unnatural and Accidental Women. Talon Books.
Moses, Daniel David (2009). Almighty Voice and His Wife. Playwrights Canada Press.
Nolan, Yvette. (2015). Medicine Show: Indigenous Performance Culture. Playwrights Canada Press.
Nolan, Yvette and Ric Knowles (2016). Performing Indigeneity. Playwrights Canada Press.

Residential Schools

Hanson, E., Gamez, D., & Manuel, A. (2020, September). The Residential School System. Indigenous Foundations.
Milloy, John S. (2017). A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System. University of Manitoba Press.
Moses, Daniel David, Donna-Michelle St. Bernard, et al. (2018). Indian Act: Residential School Plays. PlaywrightsCanada Press.
Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Volume 1: Looking Forward, Looking Back. Chapter 10, "1.2 Changing Policies." Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1996. 344-353.d
Sellars, Bev. (2012). They Called Me Number One. Talonbooks
Taylor, Drew Hayden (2014). God and the Indian. Talon Books.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Vol.1. McGill-Queen's University Press.
Vancouver Public Library. "VPL Picks: Residential School Memoirs. Website

The Role of Humour in Navigating Racism, Trauma and Systemic Oppression

Jacobs, Devery (2021). "How Indigenous People Use Humour for Survival." Refinery29. Website
Kabatay, Jasmine (2021). "The best medicine: 10 Indigenous Comedians on How They use Humour for Healing." CBC Arts. Website
King, Thomas. (2017). The Inconvenient Indian Illustrated: A Curious Account of Native People in North America. Doubleday Canada

Shakespeare and Adaptation, Disrupting the Myth That There is a "Right Way" to Perform Shakespeare

"Canadian Adaptations." (2007). Shakespeare Made in Canada. Website
Fischlin, Daniel and Mark Fortier (2000). Adaptations of Shakespeare: An Anthology of Plays from the 17th Century to Present. Routledge.
Gruner, Marion and Sorouja Moll, Dirs (2007). "What Means This Shouting." Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project (CASP). Website
Knowles, Ric. Ed. (2009). The Shakespeare's Mine: Adapting Shakespeare in Anglophone Canada. Playwrights Canada Press.
Otîhêw: An Indigenous Reimagining of Othello by PJ Prudat. (2022). Shakespeare in the Ruff. Website

Truth and Reconciliation

Moran, R. (2018). Truth and Reconciliation. Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada. Website.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015) Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume One: Summary: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Lorimer, 1st Edition.
Wente, Jesse (2022). Unreconciled: Family, Truth, and Indigenous Resistance. Penguin Canada.

1939: History and Significance
Royal Tour

Badgley, Frank, ed. (1939). The Royal Visit. National Film Board of Canada. Website
"Royal Tour Across Canada in May 1939 (2018). Toronto Public Library. Website
"The Story of the Canadian Royal Train of 1939." ThemeTrains. Website

Fred Christie: Anti-Black Racism in Canada and Resistance

"Christie v. The York Corporation." University of Toronto Library. Website
Montpetit, Jonathan (2019). "Finding Fred Christie: The legacies, big and small, of Canada's reluctant civil rights hero." CBC News. Website

M.S. St. Louis and Jewish Refugees: Antisemitism in Canada

Library and Archives Canada presents some of the key Canadian historical files related to the tragic voyage of MS St. Louis at Website (Library and Archives Canada, RG76 Volume 440 File 670224)
Schwinghamer, Steve (2022). Canada and MS St. Louis. Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. Website

The Great Depression (1930-1939)

Belshaw, John Douglas (2018). "8.5 The Great Depression." Canadian History: Post-Confederation. Open Educational Resources, BCcampus. Website
Broadfoot, Barry (1997). Ten Lost Years, 1929-1939: Memories of a Canadian Who Survived the Depression. McClelland & Stewart.
"The Dirty Thirties." McCord Museum. Website

DISCUSSION AND REFLECTION QUESTIONS

PRE-SHOW QUESTIONS

What is colonialism? How does Shakespeare represent colonialism? Why does it become both important and challenging for the students in the play to disrupt/decolonize the colonial models of Shakespeare? What happens when they do?
What are residential schools and day schools? What are their connections to colonialism? When considering your experience at school, what do you see as being different from a residential or day school?
How does the media influence your beliefs about communities other than your own? What can you do to ensure you are mindful of the media you take in?
There are more than 630 First Nation communities in Canada, which represent more than 50 Nations and 50 Indigenous languages. Many Inuit live in 53 communities across the northern regions comprising Inuvialuit (Northwest Territories and Yukon), Nunavik (Northern Quebec), Nunatsiavut (Labrador), and Nunavut as well as in communities across Canada. With a unique history, culture, language, and territory, Métis are a distinct Indigenous people living across Canada.
When learning about Indigeneity, why do you think specificity is important?
Educator Resource: Indigenous Peoples and Communities

POST-SHOW QUESTIONS

Offers by Robin Stadelbauer, Indigenous Relations Coordinator at the University of Waterloo
- What particular part of the production stands out in your mind - a line, an action, a theme, or something else? Why do you think this resonates for you?
- Did anything surprise you or resonate with you about Indigenous Knowledges shared within the play? Share three pieces of Indigenous knowledge that you remember.
- Do you see parallels between how the Indigenous children in 1939 were perceived and treated at the school and how Indigenous people are perceived in Canada today? If yes, were these perceptions negative or positive? How do you think these perceptions are perpetuated?
- Identify one behaviour, rule, or restriction placed on an Indian* Residential School attendee and how this behaviour, rule or restriction could potentially impact the attendee for the remainder of their life and potentially their children and grandchildren's lives.
  *Note: The term 'Indian' when used to describe First Nations people is derogatory and offensive. This language is used in this Study Guide as it was and is still used by the government of Canada within its legislation (Atlohsa).
Further Questions
- Why is acknowledging the specific Indigenous territories in which you live, work, and play important?
  Using the Native Land Digital map locate the territory or territories you live on, as well as the Languages and Treaties.
- Identify the connections between the characters in 1939 and the territories they are from, as well as their ancestral homes. How might learning more about this connection advance your understanding of the characters in the play?
  If the characters do not know where they are from, how might this affect their experience of themselves and their interpersonal relationships?
- Define 'resilience'. What does resilience mean to you? Think about a time when you were resilient. In what ways do you recognize resilience in the young people in the play? Which specific scene or character stands out to you?
- In 1939, where and how do racism and discrimination appear in the play?
  Share examples of how racism and discrimination are still active in Canada today.
- Read and listen to the CBC report titled " Stories of Mohawk Institute Residential School…"
  What does it look and feel like to remember and honour Survivors of the residential school system today? Think of three actions you will take to do so in your own life.
- How did the elements of humour in 1939 impact your experience? What effect do the combined genres of comedy and tragedy have on the play? What role do you think humour plays in exploring issues of racism and discrimination?
- Why do you think the playwrights included "The Maple Leaf Forever"? What is its significance to the story?
- In what ways does 1939 respond to the 83rd Call to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission? Why might it be important for Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists to work together on projects that contribute to rebuilding relationships among non-Indigenous and Indigenous people, communities and Nations? What might this approach be missing?
- What did watching the students experiencing cultural authenticity in juxtaposition with inauthenticity reveal to you?
  Authenticity: traditional medicines, rituals, sharing of Indigenous Knowledges, individual characters' differentiating perspectives
  Inauthenticity: costumes, stereotypes, generalizations
  Extension: How might this reflect contemporary issues of cultural appropriation vs. cultural appreciation? List three examples found in media sources.
- Reflect on your cultural heritage(s). Then, think about a culture that you have experienced (i.e. through language, nationality, rituals, holidays, food, etc.) that you are not familiar with. How do you begin to respectfully engage with cultures that are unfamiliar to yours and have conversations? What are the challenges? Suggest three ways in which we could begin to work through these challenges.
- Define 'reconciliation'. Define 'conciliation'. How are these two actions different? Why might one be more effective than the other?
  Educator Resource: Imaginary Spaces on Conciliation and Reconciliation by David Garneau (2012)

MINDS ON

Pre-Show Exercise - Residential Schools in Canada: A Timeline

Objective: To reflect on current knowledge and build understanding of the residential school system in what is now called Canada. To respond to the historical and present-day contexts of First Nations, Métis and Inuit resilience in the process of decolonization.

Materials: Video by Heritage Canada, access to the internet, monitor and speakers for presentation, writing utensils and paper.

Invite students to jot down their current knowledge of the residential school system in Canada. If known, write where they learned what they know.
Watch Residential Schools in Canada: A Timeline (Resource provided by Robin Stadelbauer)
Split class into groups to complete shared research.
- Define 'assimilation'. Why was this an objective for the governing bodies of residential schools?
- Who is Dr. Peter Bryce? Why is he important in our understanding of the legacies of residential schools?
- What is the Indian Act? What are its implications for Indigenous Peoples in Canada?
- What is the 'Sixties Scoop'? How does it continue to have implications for Indigenous Peoples today?
- Who is Phil Fontaine? What was his role in creating change in government policy?
- Who is Justice Murray Sinclair? What is the important statement featured in the video that he made reference to the reconciliation process? Share three examples of what has been done in the past year that demonstrates active remembrance.

Possible Extensions

Exploring Apologies

What makes a meaningful apology?
Review former Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools in 2008.
What do you see as potential issues with this apology? What would you change in this apology?

The Meaning of Intergenerational

Ask students to define 'intergenerational'. Before your students attend the show, invite them to be mindful of the intergenerational experiences within the characters' lives. Have them write down one example that stands out to them.

Post-Show Exercise - Responding to Rehearsal

Objective: To listen and respond to a conversation between community Elders and the play's director as they respond to their experience attending a rehearsal of 1939.

Materials: Video, speaker and monitor, device with internet access, paper and writing materials.

In the video, you will meet:
Elder Elizabeth (Liz) Stevens of Ojibwe and Potawatomi lineage, residing in Kettle & Stony Point First Nation. Liz is an Ojibwe Language Instructor, Consulting Elder at the Stratford Festival and a Script Consultant on 1939.

Elder Jean Becker, who is Inuk and a member of the Nunatsiavut Territory of Labrador. Jean is the Associate Vice-President of the Office of Indigenous Relations at the University of Waterloo.

Jani Lauzon, a multidisciplinary artist of Métis/French/Finnish ancestry. Jani is the co-playwright and director of 1939.

Watch the conversation as a class.
On their own, students write down one takeaway and something that surprised them during the conversation.
In small groups, discuss these takeaways and discoveries.

Post-Show Exercise - 1939 in the News

Objective: To explore a primary source from the year 1939 and interrogate the representation of events in the media.

Materials: Copies of the article, pieces of butcher paper with a large print copy of the article secured in the center (one per group), markers and highlighters.

Read the 1939 coverage of the Royal Tour in the Ottawa Citizen (pp. 1-3).
In small groups, students gather around a piece of butcher paper with the article in the center.
Pose the question: "Who is represented in the article?" - Students use their markers to call attention to who is mentioned in the article - in silence.
Pose the question: "What might be missing from the article?" - Ask students to add and write down questions they have about what could be absent from the article - in silence.
Ask students to reflect on their experience watching the production of 1939.
Pose the question: "How do the students and the figure of Madge Macbeth (the reporter) attempt to change this narrative? Why might this be important?" - Ask students to discuss, using examples from 1939.

Educator Resource: Ottawa Citizen (May 19, 1939): Pp 1-3

About the Play

ABOUT THE PLAY

1939
By Jani Lauzon and Kaitlyn Riordan
Directed by Jani Lauzon

House Program for 1939

Born of both family legacy and the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1939 has been guided by Indigenous Elders, Survivors and ceremony throughout its development.

Grade Recommendation 7+

Content Advisory

The play is set in a residential school in 1939. While ultimately a story of hope and resilience that locates spaces in which Indigenous youth demonstrate agency and change, it explores the systemic erasure of Indigenous cultures by these institutions and its agents by way of racism, discrimination, colonial violence and family separation. To access the 24-hour Hope for Wellness Helpline, call toll-free 1.855.242.3310 or connect to the online chat at www.hopeforwellness.ca.

Synopsis

At a residential school in northern Ontario, five students are ordered to gather in a classroom. Two of them, Joseph Summers and his sister, Beth, have been at the school for seven years, but its policy of separating siblings has largely kept them apart - till now. Susan Blackbird, an orphan who has been there since she was four, struggles to connect with her barely remembered Cree heritage, while newcomer Evelyne Rice tries to avoid punishment by repressing her Mohawk culture and language. Jean Delorme, as a Métis student, is a rarity at the school and struggles to fit in.

English teacher Sian Ap Dafydd explains the reason for their summons: they have been chosen to entertain King George VI and his Queen on their forthcoming visit with a student performance of Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well. Firmly colonial in her notions and intentions, Ap Dafydd is as determined to get her young actors to deliver the "big round vowels" she considers essential to speaking Shakespeare as she is to show the royal couple how the students are learning to be "good little Canadians."

But as rehearsals proceed, the students' agency erupts as they learn about each other and discover parallels between the play's characters and their own experiences. Confronting individual and collective tragedy with humour and strength, the students undertake a journey of self-discovery and empowerment - their resilience evoking Helena's line in All's Well: "Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie."

Curriculum Connections

Global Competencies:
- Collaboration, Communication, Critical Thinking, Creativity, Learning to Learn/ Self-Awareness
Grade 7-8
- Indigenous Languages
- The Arts
- Social Studies
- Health and Physical Education
- Language
Grade 9-12
- First Nations, Métis and Inuit Studies
- Indigenous Languages
- The Arts
- Canadian and World Studies
- English
- Health and Physical Education
Grades 11-12
- Social Sciences and Humanities
Post-Secondary
- Suitable for courses in disciplines such as Indigenous Studies, Arts, Canadian Studies, Cultural Studies, Drama, English, Fine Arts, History, Human Rights, Religious Studies, Social Development Studies, Teacher Education and Theatre

Themes

Resources by Theme compiled by Dr. Sorouja Moll, Research Dramaturge on 1939.

The Art of Resilience

Akiwenzie-Damm, Kateri, et al. (2019). This Place: 150 Years Retold. HighWater Press.
Campbell, Maria. (1983) Half-Breed. Formac. Publishing Company
Haig-Brown, Celia. Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1998. First published by Tillicum Library, 1988.
Robertson, David. A. (2021). On the Trapline. Tundra Books.
Singh, Katherine and Nadia Ebrahim (2021). "11 Indigenous Designers Everyone Should Have on Their Minds." Refinery29. Website
Vermette, Katherena; Scott B. Henderson; et al. (2017). Pemmican Wars. HighWater Press.
Working Group on Indigenous Food Sovereignty. (2022) "Indigenous Food Systems Network." Website

Explore Artists and their Resistance

Collective Agency and First Nations, Métis and Inuit Activism

McDiarmid, Jessica. (2020). Highway of Tears: A True Story of Racism, Indifference and the Pursuit of Justice for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Anchor Canada.
Robertson, Joanne. (2017). The Water Walker. Second Story Press, Bilingual edition
Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. (2020). As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance. University of Minnesota Press
Wall Kimmerer, Robin. (2015). Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants. Milkweed Editions.

Colonialism and the War on Indigenous Peoples

Daschuk, James (2019). Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Indigenous Life. University of Regina Press.
Joseph, Bob. (2018). 21 Things You May Not Know About the Indian Act: Helping Canadians Make Reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples a Reality. Indigenous Relations Press.
Vowel, Chelsea (2016). Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, & Inuit Issues in Canada. Highwater Press.

The Doctrine of Discovery

Assembly of First Nations (2018). Dismantling the Doctrine of Discovery. Website
Eneas, Bryan. (2022). "Doctrine of Discovery: Its effects are still being felt, but only the Pope can rescind it." CBC News. Website
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Study on the impacts of the Doctrine of Discovery on Indigenous peoples, including mechanisms, processes and instruments of redress UN Doc. E/C.19/2014/3 (20 February 2014) [Study by Forum member Edward John], available here.

Indigeneity and Gender

Anderson, Kim (2016). A Recognition of Being, Second Edition: Reconstructing Native Womanhood. Women's Press.
Anderson, Kim and Maria Cambell (2011). Life Stages and Native Women: Memory, Teachings, and Story Medicine. University of Manitoba Press.
Chacaby, Ma-Nee. (2016 ). A Two-Spirit Journey: The Autobiography of a Lesbian Ojibwa-Cree Elder. University of Manitoba Press.
Innes, Robert Alexander and Kim Anderson, eds. (2015). Indigenous Men and Masculinities: Legacies, Identities, Regeneration. University of Manitoba Press.
Manitoba. Public Inquiry into the Administration and Indigenous People. "Indigenous Women." Vol. 1, chap. 13, in Report of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba Winnipeg: Public Inquiry into the Administration and Indigenous People, 1999.
Maracle, Lee (2003). I am Woman. Press Gang.
"The REDress Project." Jaime Black. Website
Queer & 2S Books at XWI7XWA Library. UBC. Website
Why we need gender fluidity" Nicholas Metcalf. TEDxUMN. Website

Giving Voice to Missing and Murdered Indigenous Children

"Crimes against children at residential school: The truth about St. Anne's." (2019). The Fifth Estate. Website
"Stolen Children: Residential Schools Survivors Speak Out." CBC Radio Canada. Website
"48 Books by Indigenous writers to read to understand Residential Schools." CBC. Website

The Influence of the Written Word in Media and from Government

Anderson, Mark Cronlund and Carmen L. Robertson (2011). Seeing Red: A History of Natives in Canadian Newspapers. University of Manitoba Press.
"Common Portrayals of Indigenous People." MediaSmarts: Canada's Centre for Media and Digital Literacy. Website
United Nations. "Breaking Media Stereotypes with Indigenous Storytelling." We are Indigenous. Website

Language as Culture, Language as Identity, Language as Power

Brant, Beth. (1994). Writing as Witness: Essay and Talk. Women's Press Literary.
Lindstrom, Carole and Michaela Goade (2020). We are Water Protectors. Roaring Brook Press.
Mailhot, Terese Marie. (2020). Heart Berries: A Memoir. Anchor Canada.
Maracle, Lee and Marysia Buchoic, et al. (2015). My Conversations with Canadians. Lee Maracle.

Loneliness and Isolation

First Nations Health Authority. "Our History Our Health." Website
Robertson, David. A. (2021). Sugar Falls: A Residential School Story. HighWater Press.
Thistle, Jesse. (2019). From the Ashes: My Story of Being Métis, Homeless, and Finding my Way. Simon & Schuster.

The Power of Storytelling and Theatre

Clements, Marie (2012). The Unnatural and Accidental Women. Talon Books.
Moses, Daniel David (2009). Almighty Voice and His Wife. Playwrights Canada Press.
Nolan, Yvette. (2015). Medicine Show: Indigenous Performance Culture. Playwrights Canada Press.
Nolan, Yvette and Ric Knowles (2016). Performing Indigeneity. Playwrights Canada Press.

Residential Schools

Hanson, E., Gamez, D., & Manuel, A. (2020, September). The Residential School System. Indigenous Foundations.
Milloy, John S. (2017). A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System. University of Manitoba Press.
Moses, Daniel David, Donna-Michelle St. Bernard, et al. (2018). Indian Act: Residential School Plays. PlaywrightsCanada Press.
Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Volume 1: Looking Forward, Looking Back. Chapter 10, "1.2 Changing Policies." Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1996. 344-353.d
Sellars, Bev. (2012). They Called Me Number One. Talonbooks
Taylor, Drew Hayden (2014). God and the Indian. Talon Books.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Vol.1. McGill-Queen's University Press.
Vancouver Public Library. "VPL Picks: Residential School Memoirs. Website

The Role of Humour in Navigating Racism, Trauma and Systemic Oppression

Jacobs, Devery (2021). "How Indigenous People Use Humour for Survival." Refinery29. Website
Kabatay, Jasmine (2021). "The best medicine: 10 Indigenous Comedians on How They use Humour for Healing." CBC Arts. Website
King, Thomas. (2017). The Inconvenient Indian Illustrated: A Curious Account of Native People in North America. Doubleday Canada

Shakespeare and Adaptation, Disrupting the Myth That There is a "Right Way" to Perform Shakespeare

"Canadian Adaptations." (2007). Shakespeare Made in Canada. Website
Fischlin, Daniel and Mark Fortier (2000). Adaptations of Shakespeare: An Anthology of Plays from the 17th Century to Present. Routledge.
Gruner, Marion and Sorouja Moll, Dirs (2007). "What Means This Shouting." Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project (CASP). Website
Knowles, Ric. Ed. (2009). The Shakespeare's Mine: Adapting Shakespeare in Anglophone Canada. Playwrights Canada Press.
Otîhêw: An Indigenous Reimagining of Othello by PJ Prudat. (2022). Shakespeare in the Ruff. Website

Truth and Reconciliation

Moran, R. (2018). Truth and Reconciliation. Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada. Website.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015) Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume One: Summary: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Lorimer, 1st Edition.
Wente, Jesse (2022). Unreconciled: Family, Truth, and Indigenous Resistance. Penguin Canada.

1939: History and Significance
Royal Tour

Badgley, Frank, ed. (1939). The Royal Visit. National Film Board of Canada. Website
"Royal Tour Across Canada in May 1939 (2018). Toronto Public Library. Website
"The Story of the Canadian Royal Train of 1939." ThemeTrains. Website

Fred Christie: Anti-Black Racism in Canada and Resistance

"Christie v. The York Corporation." University of Toronto Library. Website
Montpetit, Jonathan (2019). "Finding Fred Christie: The legacies, big and small, of Canada's reluctant civil rights hero." CBC News. Website

M.S. St. Louis and Jewish Refugees: Antisemitism in Canada

Library and Archives Canada presents some of the key Canadian historical files related to the tragic voyage of MS St. Louis at Website (Library and Archives Canada, RG76 Volume 440 File 670224)
Schwinghamer, Steve (2022). Canada and MS St. Louis. Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. Website

The Great Depression (1930-1939)

Belshaw, John Douglas (2018). "8.5 The Great Depression." Canadian History: Post-Confederation. Open Educational Resources, BCcampus. Website
Broadfoot, Barry (1997). Ten Lost Years, 1929-1939: Memories of a Canadian Who Survived the Depression. McClelland & Stewart.
"The Dirty Thirties." McCord Museum. Website

Discussion Questions

DISCUSSION AND REFLECTION QUESTIONS

PRE-SHOW QUESTIONS

What is colonialism? How does Shakespeare represent colonialism? Why does it become both important and challenging for the students in the play to disrupt/decolonize the colonial models of Shakespeare? What happens when they do?
What are residential schools and day schools? What are their connections to colonialism? When considering your experience at school, what do you see as being different from a residential or day school?
How does the media influence your beliefs about communities other than your own? What can you do to ensure you are mindful of the media you take in?
There are more than 630 First Nation communities in Canada, which represent more than 50 Nations and 50 Indigenous languages. Many Inuit live in 53 communities across the northern regions comprising Inuvialuit (Northwest Territories and Yukon), Nunavik (Northern Quebec), Nunatsiavut (Labrador), and Nunavut as well as in communities across Canada. With a unique history, culture, language, and territory, Métis are a distinct Indigenous people living across Canada.
When learning about Indigeneity, why do you think specificity is important?
Educator Resource: Indigenous Peoples and Communities

POST-SHOW QUESTIONS

Offers by Robin Stadelbauer, Indigenous Relations Coordinator at the University of Waterloo
- What particular part of the production stands out in your mind - a line, an action, a theme, or something else? Why do you think this resonates for you?
- Did anything surprise you or resonate with you about Indigenous Knowledges shared within the play? Share three pieces of Indigenous knowledge that you remember.
- Do you see parallels between how the Indigenous children in 1939 were perceived and treated at the school and how Indigenous people are perceived in Canada today? If yes, were these perceptions negative or positive? How do you think these perceptions are perpetuated?
- Identify one behaviour, rule, or restriction placed on an Indian* Residential School attendee and how this behaviour, rule or restriction could potentially impact the attendee for the remainder of their life and potentially their children and grandchildren's lives.
  *Note: The term 'Indian' when used to describe First Nations people is derogatory and offensive. This language is used in this Study Guide as it was and is still used by the government of Canada within its legislation (Atlohsa).
Further Questions
- Why is acknowledging the specific Indigenous territories in which you live, work, and play important?
  Using the Native Land Digital map locate the territory or territories you live on, as well as the Languages and Treaties.
- Identify the connections between the characters in 1939 and the territories they are from, as well as their ancestral homes. How might learning more about this connection advance your understanding of the characters in the play?
  If the characters do not know where they are from, how might this affect their experience of themselves and their interpersonal relationships?
- Define 'resilience'. What does resilience mean to you? Think about a time when you were resilient. In what ways do you recognize resilience in the young people in the play? Which specific scene or character stands out to you?
- In 1939, where and how do racism and discrimination appear in the play?
  Share examples of how racism and discrimination are still active in Canada today.
- Read and listen to the CBC report titled " Stories of Mohawk Institute Residential School…"
  What does it look and feel like to remember and honour Survivors of the residential school system today? Think of three actions you will take to do so in your own life.
- How did the elements of humour in 1939 impact your experience? What effect do the combined genres of comedy and tragedy have on the play? What role do you think humour plays in exploring issues of racism and discrimination?
- Why do you think the playwrights included "The Maple Leaf Forever"? What is its significance to the story?
- In what ways does 1939 respond to the 83rd Call to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission? Why might it be important for Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists to work together on projects that contribute to rebuilding relationships among non-Indigenous and Indigenous people, communities and Nations? What might this approach be missing?
- What did watching the students experiencing cultural authenticity in juxtaposition with inauthenticity reveal to you?
  Authenticity: traditional medicines, rituals, sharing of Indigenous Knowledges, individual characters' differentiating perspectives
  Inauthenticity: costumes, stereotypes, generalizations
  Extension: How might this reflect contemporary issues of cultural appropriation vs. cultural appreciation? List three examples found in media sources.
- Reflect on your cultural heritage(s). Then, think about a culture that you have experienced (i.e. through language, nationality, rituals, holidays, food, etc.) that you are not familiar with. How do you begin to respectfully engage with cultures that are unfamiliar to yours and have conversations? What are the challenges? Suggest three ways in which we could begin to work through these challenges.
- Define 'reconciliation'. Define 'conciliation'. How are these two actions different? Why might one be more effective than the other?
  Educator Resource: Imaginary Spaces on Conciliation and Reconciliation by David Garneau (2012)

Minds On

MINDS ON

Pre-Show Exercise - Residential Schools in Canada: A Timeline

Objective: To reflect on current knowledge and build understanding of the residential school system in what is now called Canada. To respond to the historical and present-day contexts of First Nations, Métis and Inuit resilience in the process of decolonization.

Materials: Video by Heritage Canada, access to the internet, monitor and speakers for presentation, writing utensils and paper.

Invite students to jot down their current knowledge of the residential school system in Canada. If known, write where they learned what they know.
Watch Residential Schools in Canada: A Timeline (Resource provided by Robin Stadelbauer)
Split class into groups to complete shared research.
- Define 'assimilation'. Why was this an objective for the governing bodies of residential schools?
- Who is Dr. Peter Bryce? Why is he important in our understanding of the legacies of residential schools?
- What is the Indian Act? What are its implications for Indigenous Peoples in Canada?
- What is the 'Sixties Scoop'? How does it continue to have implications for Indigenous Peoples today?
- Who is Phil Fontaine? What was his role in creating change in government policy?
- Who is Justice Murray Sinclair? What is the important statement featured in the video that he made reference to the reconciliation process? Share three examples of what has been done in the past year that demonstrates active remembrance.

Possible Extensions

Exploring Apologies

What makes a meaningful apology?
Review former Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools in 2008.
What do you see as potential issues with this apology? What would you change in this apology?

The Meaning of Intergenerational

Ask students to define 'intergenerational'. Before your students attend the show, invite them to be mindful of the intergenerational experiences within the characters' lives. Have them write down one example that stands out to them.

Post-Show Exercise - Responding to Rehearsal

Objective: To listen and respond to a conversation between community Elders and the play's director as they respond to their experience attending a rehearsal of 1939.

Materials: Video, speaker and monitor, device with internet access, paper and writing materials.

In the video, you will meet:
Elder Elizabeth (Liz) Stevens of Ojibwe and Potawatomi lineage, residing in Kettle & Stony Point First Nation. Liz is an Ojibwe Language Instructor, Consulting Elder at the Stratford Festival and a Script Consultant on 1939.

Elder Jean Becker, who is Inuk and a member of the Nunatsiavut Territory of Labrador. Jean is the Associate Vice-President of the Office of Indigenous Relations at the University of Waterloo.

Jani Lauzon, a multidisciplinary artist of Métis/French/Finnish ancestry. Jani is the co-playwright and director of 1939.

Watch the conversation as a class.
On their own, students write down one takeaway and something that surprised them during the conversation.
In small groups, discuss these takeaways and discoveries.

Post-Show Exercise - 1939 in the News

Objective: To explore a primary source from the year 1939 and interrogate the representation of events in the media.

Materials: Copies of the article, pieces of butcher paper with a large print copy of the article secured in the center (one per group), markers and highlighters.

Read the 1939 coverage of the Royal Tour in the Ottawa Citizen (pp. 1-3).
In small groups, students gather around a piece of butcher paper with the article in the center.
Pose the question: "Who is represented in the article?" - Students use their markers to call attention to who is mentioned in the article - in silence.
Pose the question: "What might be missing from the article?" - Ask students to add and write down questions they have about what could be absent from the article - in silence.
Ask students to reflect on their experience watching the production of 1939.
Pose the question: "How do the students and the figure of Madge Macbeth (the reporter) attempt to change this narrative? Why might this be important?" - Ask students to discuss, using examples from 1939.

Educator Resource: Ottawa Citizen (May 19, 1939): Pp 1-3

CONNECTION TO THE ARCHIVES

Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre

The Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre (SRSC) is a cross-cultural research and educational project of Algoma University (through the technological and archival expertise of the Arthur A. Wishart Library) and the Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association (CSAA), which includes former students of the Residential schools, staff, descendants, family, and friends. Algoma University is located on the site (and uses some of the buildings) of the former Shingwauk and Wawanosh Indian residential schools in Sault Ste. Marie. Governance for the SRSC runs through a joint AU/CSAA Heritage Committee, which shares responsibility for the Centre evenly between the two partners.

Krista McCracken, Researcher/Curator and their team offered research tools, archival documents, and resource links which supported the development of 1939. Jani Lauzon, Kaitlyn Riordan and Dr. Sorouja Moll visited the SRSC to explore the archives, meet with Shirley Horn, first Chancellor of Algoma University and Survivor, the Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association, as well as artists and community members. Explore the public archive and contact the Centre for more information.

The Mush Hole Project (2016, 2022)

To access the virtual stream of Dejidwaya'do:weht (We are Thinking of it Again): Mush Hole 2.0, contact Woodland Cultural Centre.

The original Mush Hole Project was presented in 2016 and was an immersive, site-specific art and performance installation at the former Mohawk Institute Indian Residential School (Woodland Cultural Centre) in Brantford. This collaborative project aimed to respond to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's Calls to Action and to preserve, query, and reveal the complex personal, political, and public narratives around Canada's residential school system.

The objective of the Mush Hole Project was to engage with the site of Canada's first Residential School as a space in which Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists and scholars can meet and 1) acknowledge the residential school legacy, 2) challenge the concepts of "truth" and "reconciliation," and 3) practice interdisciplinary art and performative methods of decolonization.

Dejidwaya'do:weht (We are Thinking of it Again): Mush Hole 2.0 aimed to raise the public profile of residential schools and their ongoing devastating impact through a cross-cultural artistic lens that was showcased digitally as a 3-day virtual stream. This project was funded through the Canada Council for the Arts' Digital Now Fund.

From the Stratford Archives

The Stratford Festival's Archives maintains, conserves and protects records about the Festival and makes those materials available to people around the world. Their collection contains material ranging from 1952 right up to the present and includes administrative documents, production records, photographs, design artwork, scores, audio-visual recordings, promotional materials, costumes, props, set decorations and much more. These materials are collected and preserved with the aim of documenting the history of the Festival, preserving the page-to-stage process, and capturing the creative processes involved in numerous other activities that contribute to the Festival each season.

This podcast's host Carl Beaver and Shelby Lisk "explore the loves of eight First Nations artists whose art reclaims our voices and identities in a country that tried to silence them."
On Apple Podcasts

Facing History & Ourselves - Stolen Lives, Facing Canada
First Peoples Law - Reading Lists
Indian Residential School
History and Dialogue Centre
Indian Residential Schools - Government of Canada
Morcom, D.L. Freeman, D.K. & McDonald S. (2018) Truth and Reconciliation in Your Classroom, EdCan Network.
National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation - Reports
Stolen Children | Residential School Survivors Speak Out
Where Are the Children
Whose Land - Lesson Plans
Woodland Cultural Centre - Education

Archival Portals

The following are archival portals provided by Research Dramaturge Dr. Sorouja Moll and utilized by the creative team throughout the development of 1939.

Shingwauk Residential School Centre. Algoma University Website. Researcher/Curator: Krista McCraken

Canada. Library and Archives Canada. "School Files Series - 1879 - 1953 (RG10). Government of Canada Website.

Globe & Mail: Canada's Heritage from 1844. Note access using the school's online library service. Website. Canada. (1867 -). "House of Common Debates, 1st Parliament, 1st Session: Vol. 1. Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources. Note. All sessions are available online. Use "search" function to locate keywords. Website.

Newspapers from Google News
Example: Ottawa Citizen (May 19, 1939). Pp. 1 - 3
Website.

Library and Archives Canada. "Residential Schools: Photographic Collections." Website. Note: Use Search Engine to explore the archive's collections.

Maclean's National Magazine Archive. 1939. Website.

Davin, Nicholas Flood. (1879). Report on Industrial Schools for Indian and Half-Breeds. Ottawa.

Booking Information: Tickets, Workshops, Chats and Tours

Student Matinées

You may book any available date, but selected student matinée performances for this show are at 2:00 p.m. on the following dates:

Wednesday, September 28th
Thursday, October 6th
Friday, October 7th
Wednesday, October 12th
Thursday, October 13th
Friday, October 14th
Wednesday, October 19th
Thursday, October 20th
Tuesday, October 25th
Wednesday, October 26th
Thursday, October 27th

TOOLS FOR TEACHERS SPONSORED BY

Canada-Life_White(1)

Tools for Teachers include Prologues, Study Guides and Stratford Shorts.

PRODUCTION SUPPORT FOR 1939 IS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED BY KARON C. BALES & CHARLES E. BEALL AND BY M. FAINER. SUPPORT FOR THE CREATION OF 1939 IS GENERAOUSLY PROVIDED BY THE FOERSTER BERNSTEIN NEW PLAY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

SPECIAL THANKS

STUDY GUIDE WAS WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH THE CREATIVE TEAM ON 1939, DR. SOROUJA MOLL — RESEARCH DRAMATURGE ON 1939 — AND ROBIN STADELBAUER — INDIGENOUS RELATIONS COORDINATOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO.

Connection to the Archives

CONNECTION TO THE ARCHIVES

Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre

The Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre (SRSC) is a cross-cultural research and educational project of Algoma University (through the technological and archival expertise of the Arthur A. Wishart Library) and the Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association (CSAA), which includes former students of the Residential schools, staff, descendants, family, and friends. Algoma University is located on the site (and uses some of the buildings) of the former Shingwauk and Wawanosh Indian residential schools in Sault Ste. Marie. Governance for the SRSC runs through a joint AU/CSAA Heritage Committee, which shares responsibility for the Centre evenly between the two partners.

Krista McCracken, Researcher/Curator and their team offered research tools, archival documents, and resource links which supported the development of 1939. Jani Lauzon, Kaitlyn Riordan and Dr. Sorouja Moll visited the SRSC to explore the archives, meet with Shirley Horn, first Chancellor of Algoma University and Survivor, the Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association, as well as artists and community members. Explore the public archive and contact the Centre for more information.

The Mush Hole Project (2016, 2022)

To access the virtual stream of Dejidwaya'do:weht (We are Thinking of it Again): Mush Hole 2.0, contact Woodland Cultural Centre.

The original Mush Hole Project was presented in 2016 and was an immersive, site-specific art and performance installation at the former Mohawk Institute Indian Residential School (Woodland Cultural Centre) in Brantford. This collaborative project aimed to respond to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's Calls to Action and to preserve, query, and reveal the complex personal, political, and public narratives around Canada's residential school system.

The objective of the Mush Hole Project was to engage with the site of Canada's first Residential School as a space in which Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists and scholars can meet and 1) acknowledge the residential school legacy, 2) challenge the concepts of "truth" and "reconciliation," and 3) practice interdisciplinary art and performative methods of decolonization.

Dejidwaya'do:weht (We are Thinking of it Again): Mush Hole 2.0 aimed to raise the public profile of residential schools and their ongoing devastating impact through a cross-cultural artistic lens that was showcased digitally as a 3-day virtual stream. This project was funded through the Canada Council for the Arts' Digital Now Fund.

From the Stratford Archives

The Stratford Festival's Archives maintains, conserves and protects records about the Festival and makes those materials available to people around the world. Their collection contains material ranging from 1952 right up to the present and includes administrative documents, production records, photographs, design artwork, scores, audio-visual recordings, promotional materials, costumes, props, set decorations and much more. These materials are collected and preserved with the aim of documenting the history of the Festival, preserving the page-to-stage process, and capturing the creative processes involved in numerous other activities that contribute to the Festival each season.

Resources

RESOURCES

House Program - 1939
Study Guide PDF - 1939
Glossary of Terms
Video Conversation between Elders Liz Stevens and Jean Becker; moderated by Jani Lauzon
University of Waterloo Indigenous Speakers Series: Jani Lauzon and Kaitlyn Riordan

For Indigenous Learners and Educators

Atlohsa Family Healing Services
Native Canadian Centre of Toronto
We Matter Campaign

Key Resources

Podcast: The Art of Sovereignty (TVO)

This podcast's host Carl Beaver and Shelby Lisk "explore the loves of eight First Nations artists whose art reclaims our voices and identities in a country that tried to silence them."
On Apple Podcasts

Facing History & Ourselves - Stolen Lives, Facing Canada
First Peoples Law - Reading Lists
Indian Residential School
History and Dialogue Centre
Indian Residential Schools - Government of Canada
Morcom, D.L. Freeman, D.K. & McDonald S. (2018) Truth and Reconciliation in Your Classroom, EdCan Network.
National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation - Reports
Stolen Children | Residential School Survivors Speak Out
Where Are the Children
Whose Land - Lesson Plans
Woodland Cultural Centre - Education

Archival Portals

The following are archival portals provided by Research Dramaturge Dr. Sorouja Moll and utilized by the creative team throughout the development of 1939.

Shingwauk Residential School Centre. Algoma University Website. Researcher/Curator: Krista McCraken

Canada. Library and Archives Canada. "School Files Series - 1879 - 1953 (RG10). Government of Canada Website.

Globe & Mail: Canada's Heritage from 1844. Note access using the school's online library service. Website. Canada. (1867 -). "House of Common Debates, 1st Parliament, 1st Session: Vol. 1. Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources. Note. All sessions are available online. Use "search" function to locate keywords. Website.

Newspapers from Google News
Example: Ottawa Citizen (May 19, 1939). Pp. 1 - 3
Website.

Library and Archives Canada. "Residential Schools: Photographic Collections." Website. Note: Use Search Engine to explore the archive's collections.

Maclean's National Magazine Archive. 1939. Website.

Davin, Nicholas Flood. (1879). Report on Industrial Schools for Indian and Half-Breeds. Ottawa.

Booking Information: Tickets, Workshops, Chats and Tours

Student Matinées

You may book any available date, but selected student matinée performances for this show are at 2:00 p.m. on the following dates:

Wednesday, September 28th
Thursday, October 6th
Friday, October 7th
Wednesday, October 12th
Thursday, October 13th
Friday, October 14th
Wednesday, October 19th
Thursday, October 20th
Tuesday, October 25th
Wednesday, October 26th
Thursday, October 27th

Sponsorship

TOOLS FOR TEACHERS SPONSORED BY

Canada-Life_White(1)

Tools for Teachers include Prologues, Study Guides and Stratford Shorts.

PRODUCTION SUPPORT FOR 1939 IS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED BY KARON C. BALES & CHARLES E. BEALL AND BY M. FAINER. SUPPORT FOR THE CREATION OF 1939 IS GENERAOUSLY PROVIDED BY THE FOERSTER BERNSTEIN NEW PLAY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

SPECIAL THANKS

STUDY GUIDE WAS WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH THE CREATIVE TEAM ON 1939, DR. SOROUJA MOLL — RESEARCH DRAMATURGE ON 1939 — AND ROBIN STADELBAUER — INDIGENOUS RELATIONS COORDINATOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO.